Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator

Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator in Subwavelength Structure Ahmed A. Ali, Mohanned J. and A. H. Al-Janabi Abstract In this work we present the possibility of building a subwavelength microring resonator by manipulating the unite cell in the wire metamaterials. The proposed structure consist of mesh of copper wires. Firstly linear waveguide, bended waveguide as well as beam splitter were investigated at microwave range (737 MHZ), then the full structure of microring resonator were tested using commercial finite difference package CST Microwave. Introduction Natural materials are made up by lots and lots of small elements like atoms and molecules. Some of these materials are amorphous, others are crystalline [1]. Our main interest is in the interplay of waves and materials restricted to classical physics, the key parameter is a/ÃŽ », where a is the distance between elements in the material and ÃŽ » is the free-space wavelength. Artificial materials in which atoms and molecules are replaced by macroscopic, man-made, elements [2]. All dimensions are bigger than those in natural materials. When the separation between the elements is comparable with the wavelength then we have the Bragg effect [3][4], and when the separation is much smaller than the wavelength then we can resort to effective-medium theory [4]. In the former case we have talked about photonic bandgap materials [5] and in the latter case about metamaterials [6]. Generally, PCs are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that have alternating low and high dielectric constant materials (refractive index) in one, two, and three dimensions, which affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves inside the structure [7]. Due to this periodicity, PCs exhibit a unique optical property, namely, a photonic band gap (PBG) where electromagnetic mode propagation is absolutely zero due to reflection. PBG is the range of frequencies that neither absorbs light nor allows light propagation. By introducing a defect (point or line or both) in these structures, the periodicity and thus the completeness of the band gap are broken and the propagation of light can be localized in the PBG region. Such an outcome allows realization of a wide variety of active and passive devices for signal processing such as, add-drop filters, power splitters, multiplexers and demultiplexers, triplexers, switches, directional couplers, bandstop filters, bandpass filters, and waveguides. However, because of their wavelength-scale period, PCs result in large devices. This seriously restrains the range of applications, specifically in the low-frequency regimes where the wavelength is large. Metamaterials, on the contrary, possess spatial scales typically much smaller than the wavelength1 Since they were theoretically proposed by Pendry et al [8], and experimentally demonstrated by Smith et al.[9], metamaterials have attracted intensive research interest from microwave engineers and physicists in recent years because of their wide applications in super-lenses [6], [10], slow light [11], [12], optical switching [13], and wave guiding [14], [15] Metamaterials are usually studied under the approach of the effective medium theory and experimentally measured from the far field [4]. They are mainly considered for their macroscopic properties owing to the subwavelength nature of their unit cells. Recently, Fabrice Lemoult et al [16] have merged the wave guiding possibilities offered by PCs and the deep subwavelength nature of metamaterials by focusing on the propagation of waves in metamaterials made of resonant unit cells that are arranged on a deep subwavelength scale to go beyond the effective medium approximation. By manipulating the unit cell of the wire they were able to experimentally investigate the main components that can be used to control waves at the deep subwavelength scale: a cavity, a linear waveguide, bending as well as the beam splitter Here we were be able to model their system first using the CST Microwave studio. Then we would expand the work to built a ring resonator used as add-drop filter or to built the field up to gain the nonlinear effect. Firstly the frequency response for the system were measured for a mesh of 20*20 Copper wires with 0.3cm diameter and 1.2cm separation 40cm (a) and length by measuring the S21 between two discrete ports position on the opposite side of the system, as shown in the system configuration figure (1), then the result were compared with the same structure but with 37cm length as shown in figure (2). figure (1) structure for the system under consideration, 20*20 Copper wires Figure (2) S21 for the both wire lengths with the frequency selective line The scanned bandwidth was about 300MHz from (600-900) MHz, then a certain frequency (737MHz) were selected on which the short wires (37cm) would have maximum transmission and the longer ones (40cm) wires would have the lower transmission (band gap region slightly above the resonance frequency of fn=nC/2L, were n: an integer C: speed of light, L:wire length). Linear waveguide were investigated by shorting a single raw of wires (37cm) inside the 20*20 mesh of (40cm) wires and recording the field propagation on the waveguide as shown in figure (3), profile of the signal inside the waveguide illustrated in the inset give the waveguide width of ÃŽ »/32 Figure (3) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wires It clearly shows the weak propagation on the system due to weak interference between our unit cell, wires here,. Anyhow the counter plot for the waveguide, shown in figure (4), clearly shows the resonance around the short wires and forbidden propagation around long ones. Figure (4) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wires (contour view) To enhance the coupling between the unit cells (wires here) and increase the waveguide efficiency two adjacent rows of wires were shortened. The field map for the latter case were presented in figure (5). Figure (5) subwavelength waveguide by shorting two rows of the wires (showing good coupling) Bended waveguide and beam splitter were simulated also as shown in figures (6 and 7) respectively. Figure (6) subwavelength bended waveguide Figure (7) subwavelength beam splitter Finally, the complicated structure of microring resonator were molded as shown in figure (8) Figure (8) subwavelength ring resonator References [1]N. D. Ashcroft, NeilW. and Mermin, Solid state physics, First. Orlando, FL: Saunders College Publishing, 1976. [2]D. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, â€Å"Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 4184–7, May 2000. [3]C. J. Humphreys, â€Å"The significance of Bragg’s law in electron diffraction and microscopy, and Braggs second law.,† Acta Crystallogr. A., vol. 69, no. Pt 1, pp. 45–50, Jan. 2013. [4]B. A. Slovick, Z. G. Yu, and S. Krishnamurthy, â€Å"Generalized effective-medium theory for metamaterials,† Phys. Rev. B, vol. 89, no. 15, p. 155118, Apr. 2014. [5]S. Arismar Cerqueira, â€Å"Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers,† Reports Prog. Phys., vol. 73, no. 2, p. 024401, Feb. 2010. [6]J. B. Pendry, â€Å"Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 18, pp. 3966–3969, Oct. 2000. [7]E. Yablonovitch, T. Gmitter, and K. Leung, â€Å"Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case employing nonspherical atoms,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, no. 17, pp. 2295–2298, Oct. 1991. [8]W. J. Pendry, J.B.; Holden, A.J.; Robbins, D.J.; Stewart, â€Å"Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,† IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 2075–2084, 1999. [9]S. Shelby, R.A.; Smith, D.R.; Schultz, â€Å"Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,† Science (80-. )., vol. 292, pp. 77–79, 2001. [10]N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, â€Å"Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens.,† Science, vol. 308, no. 5721, pp. 534–7, Apr. 2005. [11]Q. Bai, C. Liu, J. Chen, C. Cheng, M. Kang, and H.-T. Wang, â€Å"Tunable slow light in semiconductor metamaterial in a broad terahertz regime,† J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, no. 9, p. 093104, May 2010. [12]R. Singh, C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, and W. Zhang, â€Å"Coupling between a dark and a bright eigenmode in a terahertz metamaterial,† Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, no. 8, p. 085111, Feb. 2009. [13]H. Kind, H. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, and P. Yang, â€Å"Nanowire Ultraviolet Photodetectors and Optical Switches,† Adv. Mater., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 158–160, Jan. 2002. [14]A. Wang, A. Tuniz, P. G. Hunt, E. M. Pogson, R. A. Lewis, A. Bendavid, S. C. Fleming, B. T. Kuhlmey, and M. C. J. Large, â€Å"Fiber metamaterials with negative magnetic permeability in the terahertz,† Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 115, Apr. 2011. [15]A. Argyros, â€Å"Microstructures in Polymer Fibres for Optical Fibres, THz Waveguides, and Fibre-Based Metamaterials Open Access Library.† [Online]. Available: http://www.oalib.com/paper/2813112#.U_EI7mPFNDQ. [Accessed: 17-Aug-2014]. [16]F. Lemoult, N. Kaina, M. Fink, and G. Lerosey, â€Å"Wave propagation control at the deep subwavelength scale inmetamaterials,† Nat. Phys., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 55–60, Nov. 2012.

Food Memoir Essay

Eating it as soon as it gets out of the oven is an amazing experience. The elation increased inside me as soon as I started to smell the juicy baked chicken. Suddenly, it feels like a irresistible need to grab a bite of it right away. Obviously you can’t resist it, so you cut a piece of it and eat it. The crunchy sensation of the baked cereal all around the chicken is wonderful, but not only the texture felt good, the gooey of the sugar that comes with the cornflake make it taste like glory. The sweet mixed with the salt of the seasonings is an incredible party inside the mouth. Adding a delicious bowl of baked potatoes with bechamel sauces makes the dish even better. I always love to cook and be creative while cooking; preparing different kind of dishes with different seasons, all natural most of the time. Cooking is not about following recipes and going by the cooking book. Instead it’s about being able to mix different seasonings to create the perfect taste. The history behind this invention comes from the lack of resources to prepare a decent dish. It was a quite night like tonight, listening to John Mayer and my roommate and I were really hungry. Then we looked at the refrigerator and cabinets to see what we could cook but we only found chicken, tomatoes, garlic, salt and pepper. Having all those seasons and been tired of eating grill chicken I decided to make it baked crunchy chicken, but sadly there wasn’t any ground bread and I figured it out late so the only thing that I could use was the cereal. So that is how it happened, a happy mistake. I used cornflakes instead of bread crumbs for the baked chicken. At the time I started to prepare the chicken, two girls came in looking for us. They reaction was priceless; they screamed â€Å"Oh my god! You guys are crazy! † at us. My roommate after he laughed for few seconds he told them that it was going to taste good and that they will want me to cook for them after they taste it. The girls said ok and stayed in our apartment all night with us having fun. While the chicken was in the oven, I put some potatoes to boil. Then when the potatoes were cooked, I prepared bechamel sauces. I took a bowl with all the potatoes and I let the bechamel sauces rain over it. Then I put the bowl inside the oven with the chicken as well. In the meantime, I sat down between the two girls and we talked about something â€Å"special†. That happened later that night. When it was time to take the chicken and the potatoes out of the oven, we all went to the kitchen to see how it looks like. First I took out the chicken and placed on the dinner table, and then I go back to the kitchen to take out the potatoes as well. When I come back from the kitchen, I found that my friends had already eaten one chicken to taste it in like 8 seconds. I told them that they attacked the chicken too fast. Therefore one of the girls said to me that it was really good, that the sugar on the chicken was delicious. We sat on the table, each of us four with 2 boneless Baked Cereal Crunchy Chicken, with baked potatoes doused in bechamel sauce and many very cold coke cans. The coke cans were so cold that I had to use my can handler while the others used a can bag that we have. Those 15 to 30 minutes that we were eating on the table, became a good memory to our brains and especially to our tongues. Even though, that like five other people came to the apartment to check out our dinner and ate from our food, it was a good. They find out about it because the girls posted some pictures on instagram. Every single people who tasted the food, at the beginning when they saw what was it, they were all like â€Å"Cornflakes with Chicken? † However they all found it very tasty. Good enough to tell me that I should do that again. After we ate, I laid down on the sofa with my head over one of the girl legs. Then my friend yelled out loud â€Å"Toy timbi†, that is a Dominican expression that people say when we cannot eat more. My roommate went to the kitchen to clean the dishes, as it was his turn. After he was done, the girls screamed â€Å"Special time! † and suddenly a bottle of Jose Cuervo appeared. They prepared some margaritas with lemon and strawberry mixer. Later on, after around 3 rounds of margaritas we started to listen and dance merengue and salsa. We dance for like hour and half non stopping. Also we were singing a bit while we were dancing. We stopped dancing when he figure out that it was 4:00 am and we had class at 8:30 am. We were all tired but we were also in a happy mood. We all went to bed right away, but sadly none of us make it through the next four hours; the one who woke up earlier was the younger girl at 10 o’clock. She nocked my door very hard, until I woke up really mad because we skipped the class at 8:30 am. When we were all ready, we talked about last night. And the first thing that came out was that the chicken was really good and when I would do it again.

The Problem Of Client Development - 2063 Words

History Presenting Problem Client is a five-year-old Caucasian boy. He currently lives with his adoptive parents, biological brother, and adopted older brother and sister. He attends a private therapeutic early childhood program five days per week, and also attends developmental pre-k offered through the school district four half days per week. This client for the first eight months or so of life had no consistency. He had parents who were both physically and emotionally unavailable. He was left in his crib for long periods of time with no interaction and never knew when he would eat next. He was exposed to domestic violence and at times may have also been a victim of physical abuse. He had no control and chaos was all he knew. Client was referred to program at the age of two by his adoption worker at the county social services office. Client had just transitioned to his adoptive home and extra care and supports were needed. 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Pathophysiology Pharmacology of Cardiac Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1154 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Heart The heart is a muscular organ the size of a fist, whose function is to continuously pump blood around the body. It is located in between the lungs, towards the left side of the chest. In humans, it is divided into four chambers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pathophysiology Pharmacology of Cardiac Disease" essay for you Create order The heart pumps blood with a rhythm known as the heartbeat. A healthy human heart beats about 72 times per minute. The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation, which enters the right chamber through the superior and inferior venae cavae and is passed to the right ventricle. It then goes to the lung where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is returned to the systemic circulation through the aorta. This process is called the blood circulation. The networks of blood vessels that circulate blood within the heart are called coronary arteries. The chambers of the heart pump blood through systolic and diastolic action. During systole, cardiac muscles contract to push blood out of the chamber, whereas during diastole cardiac muscles relax so that the chambers may allow in blood. Pathophysiology of Ischemic Heart Disease Ischemic heart disease or coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death among adults in developed countries. Ischemic is a medical term which means ‘reduced blood supply’. Ischemic heart disease is a condition that causes a disproportion between myocardial supply and demand of oxygen, due to the atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to the build-up of fat and cholesterol, otherwise known as plaque or atheroma, within them, leading to the destruction of the endothelium. Due to the inadequate oxygen in the heart, ischemic heart disease usually results in accumulation of waste metabolites and myocardial hypoxia. Symptoms of Heart Disease Common symptoms of ischemic heart disease include; fatigue and weakness, an irregular pulse and chest pain accompanied by shortness of breath and dizziness; depending on the severity, the chest pain may also radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, and back.   The chest pain is a major symptom and is medically referred to as angina. It may feel like intense heartburn. However, the disease may also be symptomless in some cases, and only be detected following a heart attack or heart failure. Risk Factors Risk conditions that may lead to Ischemic heart disease include; being overweight or obsess, aging, genetic factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, high cholesterol levels and stress. Recent clinical angiographic, scintigraphy, hemodynamic and animal studies reveal that the increase of vasomotor tone is also a cause of ischemic heart disease. Diagnosis includes learning more about the patient’s family and medical history and their lifestyle. The more sedentary one’s lifestyle is, the higher their chances of contracting a coronary illness. Apart from finding out about the patient’s medical and family history, various tests are also carried out to establish the presence of ischemic heart disease. These are; a CT scan, an MRI scan, treadmill test, radionuclide scan and a coronary angiography. Pharmacology of Ischemic Heart Disease Treatment for ischemic heart disease includes; medicine medical treatment comprises a combination of nitrate, ?-blocker, lipid-lowering medication and aspirin for blood-thinning. Angioplasty through balloons and stents to widen the narrowed arteries, surgery to widen clogged arteries and, most importantly, making impactful lifestyle changes such as exercising regularly, weight management and eating a healthy diet. (Arora, 2009). Hypertension and Coronary Diseases Hypertension is a condition where there is persistently high pressure in the blood vessels. Epidemiological studies show that there is a positive relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. One of the major long-term effects of this condition is damage to the blood vessels; which results in ischemic heart disease. Amanda is hypertensive and from her BMI of 28, we deduce that she is overweight. Hypertension leads to coronary disease because it causes blood vessels to become narrow, and therefore clog or weaken. Additionally, an elevated BMI is also directly linked to both hypertension and heart disease. In Amanda’s case, there are two factors that increase her risk of developing ischemic heart disease; her weight and hypertension. The ideal BMI of a healthy individual should be between 18.5 and 24.9. Controlling the risk of developing ischemic heart disease will be three-fold. Firstly, Amanda needs to manage her weight through observing a healthy diet and reg ular exercise in order to obtain a BMI of 24.9 or less. Secondly, assuming that she works as a teller in a busy bank, she needs to take on less demanding duties. Thirdly, she needs to control hypertension through medication. She is already taking Avapro, which is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist that is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Avapro controls hypertension by blocking angiotensin II and thereby relaxing the blood vessels and preventing them from becoming narrow. She should also ensure that she does not skip a dose and takes the medication at the same time every day.   Diabetes Type II and Implication on the Health of the Heart Jim is 43 years old and three years ago was diagnosed with both diabetes type 2 and atherosclerosis. Type II diabetes is a multifaceted disorder that is complicated even further by its cardiovascular implications. (Barnett, O’Gara, 2003). Diabetes is a powerful risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Medical research has discovered that type 2 diabetes sharply exacerbates atherosclerosis by causing inflammation of arteries and slowing the flow of blood. When one has diabetes type 2, there is an accumulation of sugar in the blood due to the cells inefficiency in digesting dietary sugar. The accumulation of sugar in the blood causes the production of highly reactive radicals that destroy cell components and therefore causes the death of the cells. Subsequently, this reduces nitric oxide (NO). Reduction of NO is detrimental to the body because it is responsible for the vasodilation of blood vessels and thus enhances the smooth flow of blood. Insulin is crucial in the management o f Diabetes because it stimulates the production of Nitric Oxide. Studies show that atherosclerosis is the cause 80% of the death of diabetes patients. (Beckman, Creager, Libby, 2002). Lipitor is lipid lowering agent of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. It is used to lower the risk of heart attack in patients with diabetic atherosclerosis like James. The active ingredient contained in Lipitor is atorvastatin which works by blocking the enzyme that is used to produce cholesterol in the liver. When that enzyme is blocked, less cholesterol is produced and the amount of cholesterol in the blood decreases, which in turn lowers the risk of a heart attack. Inactive ingredients are hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, titanium dioxide, polysorbate 80, calcium carbonate, candelilla wax, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and simethicone emulsion.Lipitor should be incorporated simultaneously with weight management through a healthy diet and regular exercise, just as James is doing. In addition to this, he should learn how to relax and manage stress.